The second Part of the VSE. — APPLICATION.

Use 1. To caution us against many abuses in prayer, which may be disproved and taxed, either formally, or by just consequence. I shall instance in five.

1. An idle and foolish loquacity, when men take a liberty to prattle anything in God's hearing, and do not consider the weight and importance of prayer, and what a sin it is to be hasty to utter anything before God (Ecclesiastes 5:2). It is a great irreverence, and contempt of the majesty of God, when men go hand over head about this work, and speak anything that comes into their mind. As men take themselves to be despised, when others speak unseemly in their presence: surely it is a lessening, and a despising of God, when we pour out raw, tumultuous, undigested thoughts, and never think of what we are to speak, when we come to God. Psalm 45:1: My heart is inditing a good matter — the word signifies, it boils or fries a good matter. It is an allusion to the Mincah, or meat-offering, which was to be boiled or fried in a pan, before it was to be presented to the Lord, that they might not bring a dough-baked sacrifice and offering to the Lord. Such ignorant, dull, senseless praying — it is a blaspheming of God, and a lessening of the majesty of God.

2. A frothy eloquence, and an affected language in prayer — this directly comes under reproof: as if the prayer were more grateful to God, and he were moved by words and strains of rhetoric, and did accept men for their parts, rather than graces. Fine phrases, and quaint speeches, alas! they do not carry it with the Lord: they are but an empty babble in his ears; rather than a humble exercise of faith, hope, love, and child-like affections, and holy desires after God. If we would speak with God, we must speak with our hearts to him, rather than with our words. This is a sin of curiosity, as the other was of neglect. It is not words, but the spirit and life, which God looks after. Prayer is not a work of oratory, the product of memory, invention, and parts; but a filial affection, that we may come to him, as to a Father, with a child-like confidence. Therefore too much care of verbal eloquence in prayer, and tunable expressions, is a sin of the same nature with babbling. Though men should have the wit to avoid impertinent expressions, and repetitions; yet when prayer smells so much of the man, rather than of the Spirit of God, alas! it is but like the unsavory belches of a rotten breath in the nostrils of God. We should attend to matter, to the things we have to communicate to God, to our necessities rather than to words.

3. Heartless speaking, filling up the time with words; when the tongue out-runs the heart; when men pour their breath into the air, but their hearts are dead and sleepy, or their hearts keep not time and pace with their expressions. We more often pray with our tongues than with our minds; and from our memories than our consciences; and from our consciences than our affections; and from our affections, as presently stirred, than from our hearts renewed, bended and inclined towards God. Be the prayer long or short, the heart must keep pace with our tongues. As the poet said, Disticha longa facit, his disticks were tedious; so it is tedious and irksome to God, unless we make supplication in the Spirit (Ephesians 6:18). Remember, God will not be mocked.

4. When men rest in outward vehemency, and loud speech. Says Tertullian, Quibus Arteriis opus est, si pro streno audiamus? — What lungs and sides must we have, if we be heard to speak to heaven, by the noise and sound? In some there is a natural vehemency and fierceness of speech, which is rather stirred up by the heat and agitation of the bodily spirits, than any vehemency of affection. There is a contention of speech, which is very natural to some, and differs much from that holy fervor, the life and power of prayer, which is accompanied with reverence, and child-like dependence upon God. It is not the loud noise of words, which is best heard in heaven; but the fervent affectionate cries of the saints are those of the heart, rather than of the tongue. Exodus 14:17 — it is said, Moses cried to the Lord: we do not read of the words he uttered; his cry was with the heart. There is a crying with the soul, and with the heart to God. Psalm 10:17: Lord, you have heard the desire of the humble. It is the desires God hears. Psalm 39:9: Lord, all my desire is before you; and my groaning is not hid from you. The Lord needs not the tongue, to be an interpreter between him and the hearts of his children. He that hears without ears, can interpret prayers though not uttered by the tongue. Our desires are cries in the ears of the Lord of Hosts: the vehemency of the affections may sometimes cause the extension of the voice; but alas! without this it is but a tinkling cymbal.

5. Popish repetition, and loose shreds of prayer often repeated, as they have in their liturgy over and over again, their Gloria Patri, so often repeated, their Lord have Mercy; and in their prayer made to Jesus, Sweet Jesus, Blessed Jesus; and going over the Ave Maria, and this to be tumbled over upon their beads, and continuing prayer by tale and by number: surely these are but vain repetitions, and this is that much-speaking which our Lord aims at. Thus I have dispatched the abuses of prayer.

Use 2. To give you direction in prayer; how to carry yourselves in this holy duty towards God in a comely manner.

I shall give you directions, 1. About our words | In prayer. | 2. About our thoughts | 3. About our affections |

First, about our words; there is a use of them in prayer, to excite, and convey, and give vent to affection: Hosea 14:2: Take with you words, and turn to the Lord, and say, Take away all iniquity, and receive us graciously. Surely the prophet does not only prescribe that they should take affections, but take with them words: words have an interest in prayer.

Now these may be considered, either when we are alone, or in company.

1. When we are alone: Here take the advice of the Holy Ghost, (Ecclesiastes 5:2). God is in heaven, and you are upon earth, therefore let your words be few. How few? Few in weight, conscience, reverence. Few in weight, affecting rather to speak matter than words; concisely and feelingly, rather than with curiousness, to express what you have to say to God. Few in conscience. Superstition is a bastard religion, and is tyrannous, and puts men upon tedious services, and sometimes beyond their strength; therefore pray neither too short, nor too long: do it not merely to lengthen out the prayer, or as counting it the better for being long; the shortness and the length must be measured by the fervency of our hearts, our many necessities, and as it tends to the inflaming our zeal; as it can get up the heart, let it still be subservient to that. Few with reverence, and managed with that gravity, awfulness, and seriousness, as would become an address to God. As Abraham, (Genesis 18:31), had been reasoning with God before, therefore he says, Let not God be angry, if I speak to him this once, when he renewed the suit. Thus alone.

2. In company, there our words must be apt and orderly, moving as much as may be, not to God, but to the hearers; managed with such reverence and seriousness, as may suit with the gravity of the duty, and not increase, but cure the dullness of those with whom we join. And what if we did in public duties choose out words to reason with God, as Job says, (Job 9:14), Choose out my words, to reason with him. If we did use preparation, and think a little beforehand, that we may go about the duty with serious advice, and not with indigested thoughts. But this has the smallest interest in prayer.

Secondly, our thoughts; that we may conceive aright of God in prayer, which is one of the greatest difficulties in the duty.

1. Of his nature and being.

2. Of his relation to us.

3. Of his attributes.

First, of the nature and being of God. Every one that would come to God, must fix this in his mind, that God is; and that God is a Spirit: and accordingly he must be worshipped, as will suit with these two notions. (Hebrews 11:6) He that comes to God, must believe that God is, and then that God is a Spirit; for it is said, (John 4:24), God is a Spirit, and they that worship him, must worship him in spirit and truth. O then, whenever you come to pray to God, fix these two thoughts, let them be strong in your heart, God is: I do not speak to an idol, but to the living God: and God is a Spirit, and therefore not so much pleased with plausibleness of speech, or tuneable cadency of words, as with a right temper of heart. Alas! when we come to pray, we little think God is, or what God is: much of our religion is performed to an unknown God; and like the Samaritans, we worship we know not what. It is not speculations about the divine nature, or high-strained conceptions, which does fit us for prayer: the discoursing of these things with some singularity, or terms removed from common understanding, this is not that which I press you to; but such a sight of God, as prompts us to a reverent and serious worshipping of him. Then we have right notions of God in prayer, when we are affected as Moses was, when God showed him his back-parts, and proclaimed his name, (Exodus 34). He made haste, bowed his head and worshipped; when our worship suits with the nature of God, it is spiritual and holy, not pompous and theatrical. Well then, these two things must be deeply imprinted in our minds, that God is, and that he is a Spirit. And then is our worship right.

For instance,

1. For the first notion, God's being. Then is our worship right, when it does proclaim to all that shall observe us, or we that observe ourselves, there is a great, an infinite, eternal power, which sits at the upper end of causes, and governs all according to his own pleasure. Alas! the worship of many is flat atheism, they say in their hearts, either there is no God, or believe there is no God. Therefore, do you worship him as becomes such a glorious being? Is his mercy seen in your faith and confidence? His majesty, in your humility and reverence? His goodness, in your soul's rejoicing? His greatness and justice, in your trembling before his throne? The worship must be like the worshipped, it must have his stamp upon it.

2. For the other notion, God is a Spirit, therefore the soul must be the chief agent in the business, not the body, or any member of the body. Spirits converse with spirits: the body is but employed by the soul, and must not guide and lead it, but be led by it. Therefore see whether there be the Spirit, otherwise that which is most essential to the [reconstructed: worship] is wanting. To have nothing employed but the tongue, and the heart about other business, is not to carry yourselves as to a God, and a God that is a Spirit. Recollect yourselves; where is my soul in this worship? And how is it affected towards God?

Secondly, as there must be thoughts to direct us in his being and nature; so also, in his relation as a Father: as one that is inclinable to pardon, pity and help you. We have the Spirit of Adoption given us for this very end and purpose, that we may cry, Abba, Father; and (Galatians 4:16), Because you are sons, therefore he has sent forth the Spirit of his Son into your hearts, crying, Abba, Father. And (Romans 8:15), We have received the Spirit of Adoption, crying, Abba, Father; that we may come to God in a child-like manner, dealing with him as with a Father, acquainting him with our wants, necessities, burdens, with a hope of relief and supply.

Object. Ay, says a distressed soul, if my heart be thus carried up to God, if I could discern such a Spirit of Adoption, prompting me to go to God as a Father, then it would be better with me.

To this I answer:

1. Many times there is a child-like inclination, where there is not a child-like familiarity and boldness: what is that child-like inclination? The soul cannot keep away from God, and that is an implicit owning him as a Father. (Jeremiah 3:19), You will call me, My Father, and will not turn away from me. It is a child-like act to look to him for all our supplies, and to recommend our suit: as when a child wants anything, he goes to his father.

2. There's a child-like reverence many times, when there is not a child-like confidence; the soul has an awe of God, when it cannot explicitly own him as our God, and Father, yet it owns him in the humbling way (Luke 15:18): "I have sinned against Heaven, and before you, and am not worthy to be called your Son." Though we cannot confidently approach to God, as our reconciled Father; yet we come with humility and reverence: Lord, I would fain be, but I deserve not to be called your child.

3. There's a child-like dependence upon God's general offer, though we have not an evidence of the sincerity of our particular claim: God offers to be a Father in Christ to all penitent believers. Now, when a broken-hearted creature comes to God, and looks for mercy, upon the account of the covenant, though he cannot see his own interest; for then we come to God, though not as our Father, yet as the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ; and that's a relief in prayer; as (Ephesians 1:3): "Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ." And verse 17: "The God of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of Glory." And (Ephesians 3:14): "I bow my knees to the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ." Mark, when we come to him as the Father of Christ, we believe what God offers in the covenant of grace; namely, that he will deal kindly with us, as a Father with his children; that he will be good to those that come to him by Christ. The term "Father" is not only to be considered with respect to the disposition or qualification of the persons, but the dispensation they are under. It is the new covenant. In the new covenant, God undertakes to be fatherly, that is, to pity our miseries, to pardon our sins, to heal our natures, to save our persons. Now all that come for refuge to take hold of this hope set before them, may come to God as a Father, if they believe the gospel in general, though they are not assured of God's love to themselves.

4. There may be a child-like love to God, when yet we have not a sense and assurance of his paternal love to us. God has a title to our choicest and dearest love, before we can make out a title to his highest benefits. We owe our hearts to him. (Proverbs 23:26): "My Son give me your heart." If you give him your hearts, you are sons, though you know it not. God may be owned as a Father, either by our sense of his fatherly love, or by our choice and esteem of him, Optando, si non affirmando. Come as fatherless without him (Hosea 14:3), or (to speak it in other words) the unutterable groans of the Spirit, do discover the Spirit of adoption, as well as the unspeakable joys of the Spirit (1 Peter 1:8). There is an option and choice, though we be not assured of our special relation.

5. God is glorified by an affiance, and a resolute adherence, where there is no assurance. When you are resolved, let him deal with you as an enemy, you will stick to him as a Father. (Job 13:15): "Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him." Faith can take God as a friend, and Father, and put a good construction upon his dealings, when he seems to come against us as an enemy. And we give glory to God, when we can adhere to him as our only happiness, and trust his fatherly kindness and goodness, though he cover himself with frowns, and hide himself from our prayers; and you own him as the Father of mercies, though it may be you have no sense and feeling of his fatherly love to you.

6. There is a difference between the gift itself, and the degree. We cannot say we have not the Spirit of adoption, because we have not so much of the Spirit of adoption as others have; I mean as to the effects: we may have the Spirit as a sanctifier, though not as a comforter; though he does not calm our hearts, and rebuke our fears, yet if he does sanctify us, and incline us to God. The Spirit was only given to Christ without measure, but to Christians in a different measure and proportion; and usually, as you submit more to his gracious conduct, and overcome the enemies of your peace, the Devil, the World, and the Flesh. The impression is left upon some in a smaller, and upon others in a larger character. All are not of one growth and size; some are more explicitly Christians, others in a riddle. Much grace does more discover itself, than a little grace under a heap of imperfection. Some are more mortified and heavenly-minded than others.

7. When all other helps fail, faith will make use of our common relation to God as a Creator, as we may come to him as the workmanship of his hands. It is better to do so than keep off from him. And we may come to him as the workmanship of his hands, when we cannot come to him as children of his family. The Church says (Isaiah 64:8): "Now, O Lord, you are our Father: we are the clay, and you our Potter, and we all are the work of your hand." They plead for favor and mercy, by that common relation, as he was their Potter, and they his clay. And David (Psalm 119:73): "Your hands have made me and fashioned me: give me understanding, that I may learn your commandments." Surely it is some comfort, to claim by the covenant of Noah, which was made with all mankind; when we cannot claim mercy by the covenant of Abraham, which was made with the family of the faithful. The Scriptures warrant us to do so (Isaiah 54:9): "For this is as the waters of Noah to me." All this is spoken to show, that one way or other we should bring our hearts to depend upon him, as a Father, for succor and relief.

Thirdly; His attributes. Three this text offers: God's omniscience, He knows; his fatherly care, Your Father knows what you stand in need of: and his readiness to help, even before we ask.

1. He is omniscient: He knows our persons; for Christ calls his own sheep by name (John 10:3). He knows every one of us by head and by poll, by person and name. Indeed, and he knows our state and condition. Psalm 56:8: "You tell my wanderings; put your tears into your bottle; are they not in your book?" All our wanderings, he tells them; all our tears, he has a bottle for them: to show God's particular notice, they are metaphorical expressions. And he observes us in the very posture, when we come to pray, and where. Acts 9:11: "Go to such a street, in such a place, and inquire for one Saul of Tarsus; for, behold, he prays." The Lord takes notice, in such a city, in such a street, in such a house, in such a room, and what you are doing when you are praying. And he sees, not only that you pray, but how you pray. Romans 8:27: "And he that searches the heart, knows what is the mind of the Spirit, because he makes intercession for the saints, according to the will of God." He can discern between lust and groans, words and affections, and such words as are the belches of the flesh, and such as are the breathings of the Spirit.

2. There's his fatherly care; for it is said, "Your Father knows what things you have need of." He knows what pinches and presses you. It is said, 1 Peter 5:7: "Casting all your care upon him, for he cares for you." It is not said, that he may take care of you, but he does take care. God is ahead of us; and our anxious care does but take the work out of God's hand, which he is doing already. Our cares are needless, fruitless, burdensome; but his are assiduous, powerful, blessed. A small matter may occasion much vexation to us; but to him all things are easy. Upon these considerations, we should be careful for nothing, but make known our requests to God (Philippians 4:6), praying for what we want, and giving thanks for what we have; for "your Father knows you have need of these things" (Matthew 6:32). His fatherly love will not suffer him to neglect his children, or any of their concerns. Therefore if you have a temptation upon you to anxiety and carefulness of mind, and know not how to get out of such a strait, and conquer such a difficulty, remember you have a Father to provide for you: this will prevent tormenting thoughtfulness, which is good for nothing but to anticipate your sorrow.

3. The next thought is, his readiness to help. This should be deeply impressed upon your minds, and should habituate these thoughts, how ready God is to help, and to run to the cry. Psalm 32:5: "I said, I will confess my transgressions to the Lord; and you forgave the iniquity of my sin" — before his purpose could be brought to pass. Isaiah 65:24: "Before they call, I will answer, and while they are yet speaking, I will hear." So Jeremiah 31:20: "I heard Ephraim bemoaning himself," etc. God's bowels were troubled presently. He is more ready to give than you to ask: this will help and direct you mightily in the business of prayer, for God has a care for his children, and is very ready to help the weak, and relieve them in all their straits.

Thirdly, for directions about our affections in prayer: three things are required, namely, fervency, reverence, confidence.

1. Fervency; that usually comes from two grounds: a broken-hearted sense of our wants, and a desire of the blessing we stand in need of. For the broken-hearted sense of our wants, especially spiritual weaknesses, are incident to the best. All Christians have continual need to cry to God. We have continual necessities both within and without. Go cry to God your Father without affectation, but not without affection, and seek your supplies from him. Let me tell you, the more grace is increased, the more sense of wants is increased. For sin is more hated, defects are less borne. And then, there must be a desire of the blessings, especially spiritual; our needs must stir up fresh longings and holy desires after God. Matthew 7:7: "Ask, Seek, Knock." Luke 11:8: "For his importunity, he will rise and give." We spend the earnestness of our spirits in other matters, in disputes, contests, earthly pursuits; our importunate earnestness runs in a worldly channel: No, no, it must be from simplicity and sincerity, pouring out your hearts before him: no sacrifice without him. James 5:16: "The effectual fervent prayer of a righteous man avails much."

2. Reverence; a reverent respectful carriage towards our heavenly Father: Psalm 2:11: "Serve the Lord with fear, and rejoice with trembling." Mark, there is in God a mixture of majesty and mercy; so in us there must be of joy and trembling. God's love does not abase his majesty; nor his majesty diminish his love. We ought to know our distance from God, and to think of his superiority over us; therefore we must be serious. Remember, God is greatly to be feared in the assembly of the saints: and to be had in reverence of all them that are about him (Psalm 89:7).

3. With confidence; Ephesians 3:12: "In whom we have boldness and access, with confidence by the faith of him." There is boldness in pouring out our requests to God, who will certainly hear us, and grant what is good; we must rely upon his goodness and power in all our necessities. He is so gracious in Christ, that he will do that which is best for his glory, and our good; and upon other terms we should not seek it. If you would not turn prayer into babbling, much-speaking to affectation of words; take heed of these abuses, and labor to bring your hearts to God in this manner.