The Vanity of Thoughts

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Jeremiah 4:14. How long shall your vain thoughts lodge within you?

In these words he compares the heart to some house of common resort, made as it were with many and large rooms to entertain and lodge multitudes of guests in; into which, before conversion, all the vain, light, wanton, profane, dissolute thoughts, that post up and down the world (as your thoughts do) and run riot all the day, have free, open access, the heart keeps open house to them, gives them willing, cheerful welcome, and entertainment; accompanies them, travels over all the world for the daintiest pleasures to feed them with; lodges, harbors them, and there they, like unruly gallants, and revelers, lodge, and revel it day and night, and defile those rooms they lodge in, with their loathsome filth and vomits. How long, says the Lord, shall they lodge there? While I with my Spirit, my Son, and train of graces, stand at the door and knock (Revelation 3:20), and cannot find admittance; of all which filthiness, etc., the heart — this house — must be washed; wash your heart from wickedness. Washed, not swept only of grosser evils (as Matthew 12:43 the house, which the unclean spirit re-enters into, is said to be swept of evils that lay loose and uppermost) but washed, and cleansed of those defilements which stick more close, and are incorporated, and wrought in, into the spirit. And second, those vain and unruly guests must be turned out of doors, without any warning — they have stayed there long enough; too long; How long? — and the time past may suffice, as the Apostle speaks; they must lodge there no more. The house, the soul, is not in conversion to be pulled down, but only these guests turned out; and though kept out they cannot be — they will still enter while we are in these houses of clay — yet lodge they must not: if thoughts of anger and revenge come in, in the morning or day time, they must be turned out before night. Let not the sun go down upon your wrath (Ephesians 4:26), for so you may come to lodge yet a worse guest in your heart with them: Give not place to the Devil (for it follows) who will bring seven worse with him. If unclean thoughts offer to come to bed to you, when you lie down, let them not lodge with you. To conclude, it is not what thoughts are in your hearts, and pass through them, but what lodging they have, that does difference your repentance: many good thoughts and motions may pass, as strangers through a bad man's heart; and so likewise multitudes of vain thoughts may make a thoroughfare of a believer's heart, and disturb him in good duties, by knockings and interruptions, and breakings in upon the heart of a good man; but still they lodge not there; are not fostered, harbored.

My scope in our ordinary course is, to discover the wickedness and vanity of the heart by nature: in the heart we are yet but in the upper parts of it, the understanding, and the defilements thereof, which are to be washed out of it, and the next defilement, which in my broken order I mean to handle, is that which is here specified, the vanity of your thoughts: for the discovery sake of which only, I chose this text, as my ground; that is it, therefore, which I will chiefly insist upon. A subject which, I confess, would prove of all else the vastest. To make an exact particular discovery of the vanities in our thoughts, to travel over the whole creation, and to take a survey, and give an account of all that vanity abounds in all the creatures, was (as you know) the task of the wisest of men, Solomon; the flower of his studies and labors: but the vanity of our thoughts are as multiplied much in us; this little world affords more varieties of vanities, than the great. Our thoughts made the creatures subject to vanity (Romans 8:20); therefore themselves are subject to vanity much more. In handling of them I will show you: 1. What is meant by thoughts. 2. What by vanity. 3. That our thoughts are vain. 4. Wherein that vanity does consist, both in the general, and some particulars.

First, what is meant by thoughts, especially as they are the intended subject of this discourse, which in so vast an argument I must necessarily set limits to: 1. By thoughts, the Scriptures do comprehend all the internal acts of the mind of man, of what faculty soever, all those reasonings, consultations, purposes, resolutions, intents, ends, desires, and cares of the mind of man, as opposed to our external words and actions, so Isaiah 66:18 — all acts are divided into those two: I know their works and their thoughts; what is transacted within the mind, is called the thoughts; what thereof do manifest themselves, and break out in actions, are called works. And so Genesis 6:5, every imagination of the thoughts — all the creatures the mind frames within itself, purposes, desires, etc. (as it is noted in the margin) are evil; where by thoughts are understood all that comes within the mind (as Ezekiel 11:5 the phrase is), and so indeed we commonly use it, and understand it: so to remember a man is to think of him (Genesis 40:14), to have purposed a thing we say, I thought to do it; to take care about a business is to take thought (1 Samuel 9:5). And the reason why all may thus be called the thoughts, is, because indeed all affections, desires, purposes, are stirred up by thoughts, bred, fomented, and nourished by them: no one thought passes, but it stirs some affection of fear, joy, care, grief, etc. No, although they are thus largely taken here, yet I intend not to handle the vanity of them in so large a sense at present: I must confine myself, as strictly as may be, to the vanity of that which is more properly called the thinking, meditating, considering power of man, which is in his understanding or spirit, that being the subject I have in hand: thoughts not being in this sense opposed only to your works, but to purposes and intents, so Hebrews 4:12 — as the soul and spirit, so thoughts and intents seem to be opposed. And Job 20:2-3 — thoughts are appropriated to the spirit of understanding. And again yet more strictly, for in the understanding I mean not to speak of, generally, all thoughts therein, neither as of the reasonings or deliberations in our actions: but those musings only in the speculative part.

And so, I can no otherwise express them to you, than thus: those same first, more simple conceits, apprehensions that arise; those fancies, meditations, which the understanding by the help of fancy frames within itself of things; those on which your minds ponder and pore, and muse upon things — these I mean by thoughts. I mean those talkings of our minds with the things we know, as the Scripture calls it (Proverbs 6:22); those same parleys, interviews, chattings, the mind has with the things let into it, with the things we fear, with the things we love. For all these things our minds make their companions, and our thoughts hold them discourse, and have a thousand conceits about them; this I mean by thoughts. For besides that reasoning power, deliberating power, whereby we ask ourselves continually, what shall we do? and whereby we reason and discuss things, which is a more inward closet, the cabinet and privy council of the heart, there is a more outward lodging, that presence chamber, which entertains all comers, which is the thinking, meditating, musing power in man, which suggests matter for deliberations, and consultations, and reasonings, which holds the objects till we view them, which entertains all that come to speak with any of our affections.

2. I add, which the mind frames within itself, so the Scripture expresses their original to us, and their manner of rising: Proverbs 6:14 — frowardness is in his heart, he forges mischief, as a smith does iron, hammers it out — and the thoughts are the materials of this frowardness in us; upon all the things which are presented to us, the mind begets some thoughts, imaginations on them; and as lusts, so thoughts are conceived (James 1; Isaiah 59:4) — they conceive mischief, and bring forth iniquity, and hatch cockatrice eggs, and weave spiders' webs. And verse 7 he instances in thoughts of iniquity, because our thoughts are spun out of our own hearts, are eggs of our own laying, though the things presented to us be from without.

And this I add to sever them from such thoughts as are injected, and cast in, only from without — which are children of another's begetting, and often laid out of doors: such as are blasphemous thoughts cast in by Satan, wherein if the soul be merely passive (as the word buffeting implies, 2 Corinthians 12:7) they are none of your thoughts, but his; wherein a man is but as one in a room with another, where he hears another swear and curse, but cannot get out from him; such thoughts, if they be only from without, defile not a man. For nothing defiles a man, but what comes from within (Matthew 15:18-19) or which the heart has begotten upon it by the devil, as thoughts of uncleanness, etc., wherein though he be the father, yet the heart is the mother and womb; and therefore accordingly they affect the heart, as natural children do, and by that we may distinguish them from the other, namely, when we have a soft heart, an inward love to them, so that our hearts do kiss the child, then they are our thoughts, or else when the heart broods upon these eggs, then they are our thoughts, though they come from without.

Though this is to be added, that even those thoughts, wherein the soul is passive, and which Satan casts in, which we do no ways own, wherein he ravishes the heart, rather than begets them on us (if there be not any consent to them in us, then it is but a rape, as in law it is not) — I yield those thoughts are punishments often of neglect of our thoughts, and of our suffering them to wander; as Dinah, because she went cunningly out, to view the daughters of the land, was taken and ravished, though against her will: yet it was a punishment of her curiosity: or else they are the punishment of the neglect of good motions of the Spirit; which resisting, we thereby grieve him, and so he deals with us, as we with our children, suffers us to be scared with bugbears, and to be grieved by Satan, that we may learn what it is to neglect him, and harbor vanity. Lastly, I add, which the mind, in and by itself, or by the help of fancy, thus begets and entertains, because there are no thoughts or likenesses of things at any time in our fancies, but at the same time they are in the understanding also reflected to it: as when two looking-glasses are placed opposite and near each to other, whatever image appears in the one, does also in the other.

Secondly, let us see what vanity is, take it in all the acceptations of it; it is true of our thoughts that they are vain.

1. It is taken for unprofitableness. So Ecclesiastes 1:2-3 — all is vanity, because there is no profit in them under the sun; such are our thoughts by nature, the wisest of them will not stand us in any stead in time of need, in time of temptation, distress of conscience, day of death or judgment. 1 Corinthians 2:6 — all the wisdom of the wise comes to nothing. Proverbs 10:20 — the heart of the wicked is little worth, not a penny for them all, whereas the thoughts of a godly man are his treasure: out of the good treasure of his heart, he brings them forth. He mints them, and they are laid up as his riches. Psalm 138:17 — how precious are they? He there speaks of our thoughts of God, as the object of them — your thoughts, that is, of you, are precious.

2. Vanity is taken for lightness. Lighter than vanity is a phrase used, Psalm 62:9 — and of whom is it spoken? of men, and if anything in them be lighter than other, it is their thoughts which swim in the uppermost parts, float at the top, is as the scum of the heart; when all the best and wisest, and deepest, and most solid thoughts in Belshazzar a prince, were weighed, they were found too light (Daniel 5:17).

3. Vanity is put for folly. So Proverbs 12:11 — vain men, is made all one with men void of understanding. Such are our thoughts among other evils which are said to come out of the heart (Mark 7:22) — [a word in the non-Latin alphabet] is reckoned as one: foolishness — that is, thoughts that are such as madmen have, and fools, nothing to the purpose, of which there can be made no use, which a man knows not from where they should come, nor where they would, without dependence.

4. It is put for inconstancy, and frailty; therefore vanity and a shadow are made synonyms (Psalm 144:4): such are our thoughts, flitting and perishing, as bubbles. Psalm 146:4 — all their thoughts perish.

Lastly, they are vain, that is, indeed, wicked and sinful; vanity in the text here, is yoked with wickedness: and vain men, and sons of Belial are all one (2 Chronicles 13:17). And such are our thoughts by nature. Proverbs 24:9 — the thought of foolishness is sin. And therefore a man is to be humbled for a proud thought (Proverbs 30:32), for so laying hand on the mouth is taken (as Job 39:37) for being vile in a man's own eyes.

And because this is the sense I chiefly must insist on, in handling the vanity of the thoughts, and also men usually think that thoughts are free; I will therefore prove this to you, which is the only doctrine raised, that thoughts are sins.

1. The law judges them (Hebrews 4:12), rebukes a man for them (1 Corinthians 14:25), and therefore they are transgressions of the law: and so also did Christ rebuke the Pharisees for their ill thoughts (Matthew 9:4), which argues the excellency of the law, that reaches thoughts.

2. Because they are capable of pardon, and must be pardoned, or we cannot be saved (Acts 8:22), which argues the multitudes of God's compassions, seeing thoughts are so infinite.

3. They are to be repented of; indeed repentance is expressed, as to begin at them. So Isaiah 55:7 — let the unrighteous man forsake his thoughts; and a man is never truly and thoroughly wrought on (as 2 Corinthians 10:4-5) till every thought be brought into obedience; which argues that they are naturally rebellious, and contrary to grace. And this also argues the power of grace, which is able to rule and to subdue so great an army as our thoughts are, and command them all, as one day it will do, when we are perfectly holy.

4. They defile the man: which nothing defiles but sin (Matthew 15:15-17) — out of the heart proceed evil thoughts; these defile the man.

5. They are an abomination to the Lord, who hates nothing but sin, and whose pure eyes can endure to behold no iniquity (Proverbs 15:16); as good meditations are acceptable (Psalm 25, last verse), so by the rule of contrary, bad are abominable.

6. They hinder all good we should do, and spoil our best performances. Vain thoughts draw the heart away in them, that when a man should draw near to God, his heart, by reason of his thoughts, is far off from him (Isaiah 29:16). A man's heart goes after his covetousness, when he should hear, as the prophet speaks, because his thoughts thus run. Now nothing else but sin could separate, and what does estrange us from God, is sin, and enmity to him.

7. Our thoughts are the first movers of all the evil in us. For they make the motion, and also bring the heart and object together; are panders to our lusts, hold up the object, till the heart has played the adulterer with it, and committed folly, so in speculative uncleanness, and in other lusts, they hold up the images of those gods they create, which the heart falls down and worships; they present credit, riches, beauty, till the heart has worshiped them, and this when the things themselves are absent.

To come now to those particulars wherein this vanity of the thinking, meditating power of the mind consists.

First, I will discover it in regard of thinking what is good, how unable and loath, etc. it is to good thoughts; and secondly, in regard of the readiness of it to think of evil and vain things.

For the first, first in a want of ability ordinarily, and naturally to raise and extract holy and useful considerations and thoughts from all ordinary occurrences, and occasions; which the mind, so far as it is sanctified, is apt to. A heart sanctified, and in whose affections true grace is enkindled, out of all God's dealings with him, out of the things he sees and hears, out of all the objects put into the thoughts, he distills holy, and sweet, and useful meditations: and it naturally does it, and ordinarily does it, so far as it is sanctified. So our Savior Christ, all speeches of others which he heard, all accidents and occurrences did still raise and occasion in him heavenly meditations, as we may see throughout the whole Gospels: when he came by a well, he speaks of the water of life (John 4), etc. Many instances might be given; he in his thoughts translated the book of the creatures, into the book of grace, and so did Adam's heart in innocency: his philosophy might be truly termed divinity, because he saw God in all; all raised up his heart to thankfulness and praise. So now in like manner our minds, so far as they are sanctified, will do. As the philosopher's stone turns all metals into gold; as the bee sucks honey out of every flower, and a good stomach sucks out some sweet and wholesome nourishment out of what it takes to itself: so does a holy heart, so far as sanctified, convert and digest all into spiritual, useful thoughts. This you may see, Psalm 107, last verse — that psalm gives many instances of God's providence, and wonderful works which he does for the sons of men; as deliverances by sea, where men see his wonders: deliverance to captives, etc., and still the refrain of the song is, Oh that men would therefore praise the Lord for the wonderful works he does for the sons of men. Now after all these instances, he concludes, that though others pass over such occurrences with ordinary slight thoughts, yet says he, the righteous shall see it, and rejoice: that is, extract comfortable thoughts out of all, which shall be matter of joy, and whoever is wise will observe those things, that is, makes holy observations out of all these, and out of a principle of wisdom he understands God's goodness in all, and so his heart is raised to thoughts of praise, and thankfulness, and obedience. Now compare with this the 92nd Psalm made for the Sabbath (when in imitation of God, who that day viewed his works, we are, on our Lord's day, still to raise holy, praising thoughts out of them to his glory, which he that penned that Psalm then did, verse 1 and 2) and verse 5: How great are your works! etc. A brutish man knows not, nor will a fool understand this: that is, he being a beast, and having no sanctified principle of wisdom in him, looks no further than a beast into all the works of God, and occurrences of things; looks on all blessings as things provided for man's delight by God: but he extracts seldom holy, spiritual, and useful thoughts out of all — he lacks the art of doing it.

If injuries be offered us by others, what do our thoughts distill out of those wrongs, but thoughts of revenge? We meditate how to requite it again. But see how naturally David's mind distills other thoughts from Shimei's cursing (2 Samuel 16:11): God has bidden him, and it may prove a good sign of God's favor; God may requite good for it. When we see judgments befall others, severe thoughts of censure our minds are apt to raise against our brother, as Job's friends did. But a godly man whose mind is much sanctified, raises other thoughts out of it (Proverbs 21:22) — wisely considers, etc.

So when outward mercies befall us, the next thoughts we are apt to have, is to project ease by our wealth: thou has goods laid up for many years; and when judgments befall us, we are apt to be filled with thoughts of complaint, and fears, and cares how to wind out again. But what were the first thoughts Job had, upon the news of the loss of all? God has given, and the Lord has taken, blessed be the Lord for all.

Such thoughts as these (which all opportunities hint to) a good heart is apprehensive of, and does naturally raise for its own use. So far as barren as our thoughts are, so far vain.

Secondly, the vanity, and sinfulness of the mind appears in a loathness to entertain holy thoughts, to begin to set itself to think of God, and the things belonging to our peace; even as loath they are to this as schoolboys are to go to their books, or to busy their minds about their lessons, their heads being full of play; so loath are our minds to enter into serious considerations, into such sad, solemn thoughts of God, or death, etc. Men are as loath to think of death, as thieves of the execution; or to think of God, as they are of their judge. So to go over their own actions, in a review of them, and read the blurred writing of their hearts, and to commune with them, at night in the end of the day (as David did, Psalm 119:59) men are as loath to do this, as schoolboys are to peruse their lessons, and the false Latins they have made. Job 21 — Depart from us (say they in Job) to God, from their thoughts they meant it, for it follows, we desire not the knowledge of your ways. They would not think of him, or know them by their good wills; and therefore our minds, like a bad stomach, are nauseated with the very scent of good things, and soon casts them up again (Romans 1:28) — they like not to retain the knowledge of God. Let us go and try to wind up our souls, at any time, to holy meditations, to think of what we have heard, or what we have done, or what is our duty to do, and we shall find our minds, like the pegs of an instrument, slip between our fingers, as we are winding them up, and to fall down suddenly again, before we are aware of it. Indeed you shall find, that your minds will labor to shun what may occasion such thoughts; even as men go out of the way, when they see they must meet with one they are loath to speak with; indeed men dare not be alone, for fear such thoughts should return upon them. The best shall find a gladness, for an excuse, by other occasions to knock off their thoughts from what is good: whereas in thinking of vain earthly things, we think the time passes too fast, clocks strike too soon, hours pass away before we are aware of it.

Thirdly, the vanity and sinfulness of the mind appears in the godly, that though they entertain good thoughts, yet the mind is not, will not be long intent on them. Some things there are, which we are, and can be intent upon, and accordingly dwell long upon them, and therefore in Job 17:11 the thoughts are called the possessions of the heart (so it is in the original, and noted in the margin) — such thoughts as are pleasing, the heart dwells on them; indeed so intent are we often, that they hinder our sleep: as it is said of wicked men, they cannot sleep for multitude of thoughts (Ecclesiastes 5:12). So, to devise froward things, Solomon says (Proverbs 16:30) that a man shuts his eyes, that is, is exceeding attentive, pores upon his plots; for so a man does use to do, to shut his eyes when he would be intent, and therefore it is so expressed. But now let the mind be occupied and busied about good things, and things belonging to our peace, how unsteady is it? which things should yet draw out the intention of the mind: for the more excellent the object is, the stronger our intention should be. God is the most glorious object our minds can fasten on, the most alluring. The thought of whom therefore should swallow up all other, as not worthy to be seen the same day with him: but I appeal to all your experiences, if your thoughts of him be not most unsteady, and are — that I may so compare it — as when we look upon a star through an optic glass, held with a palsy-shaking hand: it is long before we can bring our minds to have sight of him, to place our eyes upon him, and when we have, how do our hands shake, and so lose sight ever and anon? So while we are in never so serious talk with him, when all things else should stand without, and not dare to offer entrance, till we have done with him, yet how many chinks are there in the heart, at which other thoughts come in? and our minds leave God, and follow them, and go after our covetousness, our credit, etc., as the prophet's phrase is (Ezekiel 33). So when we are hearing the Word, how do our minds ever and anon run out of the church, and come [back] again, and so do not hear half that is said? So when we are at our callings, which God bids us to be conversant about with all our might (Ecclesiastes 9:10), yet our minds like idle truants, or negligent servants, though sent about never so serious a business, yet go out of the way to see any sport, run after the hares that cross the way, follow after butterflies that buzz about us.

And so when we come to pray, Christ bids watch to prayer (Mark 13:33) — that is, as if we were at every door to place a guard that none come in and disturb [us] and knock us off. But how often does the heart nod, and fall asleep, and run into another world, as men in dreams do? Indeed so natural are distractions to us, when we are busied about holy duties, that as excrement comes from men, when very weak and sick, before they are aware of it; so do worldly thoughts from us, and we are carried out of that stream of good our mind was running in, into some byway before we are aware of it.

Fourthly, the vanity of the mind appears, in regard of good things, that if it does think of them, yet it does it unseasonably. It is with your thoughts as with your speeches, their goodness lies in their placing and order (Proverbs 25:11) — if fitly spoken, they are as apples of gold in pictures of silver. And as a man is to bring forth actions, so thoughts in due season; as those fruits, so these buds should come out in season (Psalm 1). Now the vanity of the mind appears in thinking of some good things, sometimes unseasonably; when you are praying, you should not only have no worldly thoughts come in, but no other than praying thoughts. But then perhaps some notions of, or for a sermon will come readily in: so in hearing, a man shall often have good thoughts that are unrelated to the thing in hand; so when a man is falling down to prayer, whatever thing a man had forgotten, when it should have been thought of, will then come in, or what will affect a man much comes in to divert him. This misplacing of thoughts (suppose they be good) is yet from a vanity of the mind; did those thoughts come at another time, they should be welcome: we find our minds ready to spend thoughts about anything, rather than what God at present calls to. When we go to a sermon, we find we could then spend our thoughts more willingly about reading; or perhaps searching our hearts; to which at another time, when called to it, we should be most unwilling. We could be content to run wild over the fields of meditations and miscellaneous thoughts, though about good, rather than to be tied to that task, and kept in one set path.

In Adam and Christ no thought was misplaced, but though they were as many as the stars, yet they marched in their courses, and kept their ranks. But ours as meteors, dance up and down in us. And this disorder is a vanity and sin, be the thought materially never so good. Not every one that has the best part must therefore first step up the stage to act, but take his right cue. In printing, let the letters be never so fair, yet if not placed in their order, and rightly composed, they mar the sense. Soldiers upon no terms should break their ranks: so nor should our thoughts (Proverbs 16:3) — there is a promise to a righteous man, that (as some read it) his thoughts shall be ordered.

And so much for the first part, the privative sinfulness in our thoughts, in respect of what is good.

Now secondly, I proceed to discover that positive vanity, which appears in our thoughts; in regard of what is evil. And here it is not to be expected, nor indeed can it be performed by any man, to reckon up the several particularities of all those vain thoughts which run through man's heart; I will insist only on some more general discoveries, to which particulars may be reduced, for a taste of the rest.

First, the vanity of them discovers itself, in that which Christ calls (Mark 7:22) [a word meaning] foolishness: that is, such thoughts as madmen have, and fools; which foolishness is seen, both in that unsettled wantonness and unsteadiness of the mind in thinking, that like quicksilver it cannot fix, but as Solomon says (Proverbs 17:24) a fool's eyes are in the ends of the earth — they are garish, and run up and down from one end of the earth to the other, shooting and streaming, as those meteors you see sometimes in the air. And though indeed the mind of man is nimble and able thus to run from one end of the earth to another (which is its strength and excellency), yet God would not have this strength and nimbleness, and mettle-spirit in curveting and tumbling (as I may call it), but in steadily directing all our thoughts straight on to his glory, our own salvation, and the good of others; he gave it this nimbleness to turn away from evil, and the first appearance of it. As we are to walk in God's ways he calls us to, so every thought, as well as every action is a step: and therefore ought to be steady. Make straight steps to your feet, says the Apostle (Hebrews 12:13), turning not to the right hand, nor to the left, until we come to the journey's end of that business we are to think of. But our thoughts, at best, are as wanton spaniels, who though indeed they go with, and accompany their master, and come to their journey's end with him in the end, yet do run after every bird, and wildly pursue every flock of sheep they see. This unsteadiness arises from the like curse on the mind of man, as was on Cain, that it being driven from the presence of the Lord, it proves a vagabond, and so men's eyes are in the ends of the earth.

This foolishness is also seen in that independence in our thoughts; they hanging often together as ropes of sand; this we see more evidently in dreams: and not only then, but when awake also, and that, when we would set ourselves to be most serious, how do our thoughts jangle and ring backward? and as wanton boys, when they take pens in their hands, scribble broken words that have no dependence. Thus do our thoughts: and if you would but look over the copies thereof, which you write continually, you would find as much nonsense in your thoughts, as you find in madmen's speeches. This madness and distemper is in the mind since the fall (though it appears not in our words, because we are wiser) — that if notes were taken of our thoughts, we should find thoughts so vagrant, that we know not how they come in, nor from where they came, nor where they would go. But as God does all things in weight, number, and measure, so does his image in us, so far as it is renewed. And, by reason of these two, the folly, unsettledness, and independence of our thoughts, we bring our thoughts often to no issue, to no perfection, but wander away our time in thinking (as you use to say) of nothing, and as Seneca says of men's lives, as of ships that are tossed up and down at sea, it may be said they have been tossed much, but sailed nothing; the like in this respect may be said of the thoughts. Or as when men make imperfect dashes, and write nonsense, they are said to scribble, they do not write: so, in these follies and independencies, we wander and lose ourselves, we do not think.

But 2. on the contrary if any strong lust, or violent passion be up, then our thoughts are too fixed and intent, and run in so far into such sinful objects, that they cannot be pulled out again, or any way diverted or taken off: which is another vanity. For our thoughts and our understanding part was ordained to moderate, allay, and cool, and take off our passions, when they are playing over, to rule and govern them. But now our thoughts are themselves subjected to our affections, and like fuel put under them, do but make them boil the more. And although our thoughts do first stir up our fears, joys, desires, etc., yet these being stirred up once, chain, and fix, and hold our thoughts to those objects, so as we cannot loosen them again. Therefore says Christ to his disciples, Why are you troubled, and why do thoughts arise in your hearts? For perturbations in the affections cause thoughts like fumes and vapors to ascend. Thus if a passion of fear be up, how does it conjure up multitudes of ghostly thoughts which we cannot conjure down again, nor hide our eyes from? But which haunt us, and follow us up and down, wherever we go, so as a man runs away pursued by his own thoughts, the heart then meditates on terror: as Isaiah 33:18. So when sorrow is up, how does it make us study the cross that lights upon us? which to forget, would be an ease to the mind. But a man's passions make his thoughts to learn it, and to say it by heart, over and over again, as if it would not have us forget it. So when love and desire is up, be the thing what it will we are taken with, as preferment, credit, beauty, riches, it sets our thoughts to work to view the thing all over, from top to toe (as we say), to observe every part and circumstance, that does make it amiable to us: as if a picture were to be drawn of it. So when joy is up, we view the thing we rejoice in, and read it over and over, as we do a book we like, and we mark every tittle, we are punctual in it; indeed so inordinate are we herein, as often we cannot sleep for thinking on them (Ecclesiastes 5:12) — abundance of riches will not suffer him to sleep, for the multitude of thoughts in his head, speaking of a man who is covetous. How do thoughts trouble the Belshazzars and Nebuchadnezzars of the world (Daniel 4:19)? So Proverbs 4:16 — they sleep not unless they have done mischief; if their desires remain unsatisfied, they do disturb their thoughts, like froward children by their crying: so as, often, these which men count free (as the most do thoughts) do prove the greatest bondage and torment in the earth to them, and do hinder sleep, the nurse of nature, eat out, and live upon the heart that bred them, weary the spirits, that when a man shall say (as Job 7:13) my bed shall comfort me, by putting a parenthesis to his thoughts, and sad discourses, which he has when awake, yet then they haunt a man; and as verse 14, terrify him. A man cannot lay them aside as he does his coat: and when men die they will follow them to hell, and torment them worse there; your thoughts are one of the greatest executioners there, even the worm that dies not.

Thirdly, the vanity of the mind appears in curiosity, a longing and itching to be fed with, and to know (and then delighting to think of) things that do not at all concern us. Take an experiment of this in scholars (whose chief work lies in this shop) — how many precious thoughts are spent this way? as in curiosity of knowledge, as appears by those the Apostle often rebukes, that affect, as 1 Timothy 6:4, 20 — oppositions of science falsely so called, curiosities of knowledge of things they have not seen. So Colossians 2 and 1 Timothy 4:7 — he calls such issues of men's brains, which they dote on, old wives' fables: because as fables please old wives, so do these their minds, and of that itch they have in them, even as women with child, in their longings, content not themselves with what the place affords, or the season, with what may be had; but often long after some unheard-of rarity, far-fetched, or, it may be, not at all to be had. Thus men, not contenting themselves with the wonders of God discovered in the depth of his word and works, they will launch into another sea, and world of their own making, and there they sail with pleasure, as many of the schoolmen did in some of their speculations, spending their precious wits in framing curious webs out of their own bowels.

Take another instance also in others, who have leisure and parts to read much — they should ballast their hearts with the Word, and take in those more precious words of wisdom and sound knowledge to profit themselves and others, and to build up their own souls, and whereby they may be enabled to serve their country: but now what do their curious fancies carry them to, to be versed in, but playbooks, jeering satires, romances, feigned stories, which are the curious needlework of idle brains, so as they load their heads with apes' and peacocks' feathers, instead of pearls and precious stones; so as a man may say as Solomon (Proverbs 15:14) the heart of him that has understanding seeks knowledge, but the mouth of fools feeds on foolishness. Foolish discourses please their ears and eyes to read: all these being but purveyors (as it were) for food for the thoughts, like chameleons, men live on air and wind.

To leave them, how do others out of mere curiosity to know and please their thoughts, listen after all the news that flies up and down the world, skim all the froth that floats in foolish men's mouths, and please themselves only with talking, thinking, and hearing of it.

I do not condemn all herein: some their ends are good, and they can make use of it, and do as Nehemiah did, who inquired how things went at Jerusalem, to rejoice with God's people, and mourn with them, and pray for them, and to know how to fashion their prayers accordingly. But I condemn that curious itch that is in men, when it is done, but merely to please their fancies, which is much delighted with new things, though they concern us not; such the Athenians were (Acts 17:21). How do some men long all the week, till they hear events and issues, and make it a great part of the happiness of their lives, to study the state more than their own hearts, and affairs of their callings: who take actions of state as their text to study the meaning of, and to preach on wherever they come. I speak of those that yet lay not to heart the miseries of the Church of Christ, nor help them with their prayers, if at any time they happen.

The like curiosity is seen in many, in desiring to know the secrets of other men, which yet would do them no good to know, and who do study men's actions and ends, not to reform, or do good to them, but to know them, and think and muse thereof, when alone, with pleasure; this is curiosity, and properly a vanity of the thinking power, which it mainly pleases; and is indeed a great sin, when much of men's most pleasing thoughts are spent on things that concern them not. For the things we ought to know, and which do concern us, are enough to take up all our thoughts alone, neither shall we have any to spare: and thoughts are precious things, the immediate fruits and buds of an immortal nature; and God has given us power to coin them, to lay them out in things that concern our own good, and of our neighbors, and his own glory; and thus not to spend them is the greatest waste in the world. Examine what grain you put in to grind, for God ought to have toll of all. Proverbs 24:8 — he that devises evil shall be called a mischievous person, not always he that does a mischievous action, but that devises it: and verse 9 he aggravates it by comparison, for every thought is sin, then a combination and conspiracy of wicked thoughts is much more.

But 4. there is a worse vanity than this, and that is that intimated in Romans 13, last verse — taking thought to fulfill the lusts of the flesh [to make projects for it]. For thoughts are the caterers for our lusts, and lay in all their provision; they are they that look out where the best markets are, the best opportunities for sinning in any kind, the best bargains for credit, for preferment, for riches, etc. For example, would a man rise? his thoughts study the art of it, men frame their own ladder to climb with, invent ways how to do it, though often it proves as to Haman their own gallows. Would they be rich? what do they study? even all cheats and tricks of the cards (as I may so speak) — that is, all the cunning tricks of the world, all the ways of oppressing, defrauding, and going beyond their brethren, so to pack things in all their dealings, that they themselves shall be the winners, and those that deal with them, the losers (Isaiah 32:7) — it is said, that the instruments of the churlish are evil, and he devises wicked devices to destroy the poor. Would a man undermine his opponent, as one that stands in his light, and who hinders his credit? he'll dig and fall a-pioneering, with his thoughts, his engines, in the night, dig a pit (as the Scripture phrase is), and dig deep to hide his counsel, to blow him up in the end, and so as he shall not know who hurt him; and this is worse than all the former, this studied, artificial villainy. The more devising there is in sin, the worse: therefore the fact about Uriah, not so much that of Bathsheba, is objected against David, because he used art in it; he took thought for it, but in the matter of Bathsheba, thoughts took him.

Fifthly, the fifth is the representing or acting over sins, in our thoughts and imaginations, personating those pleasures by imagination, which at present we enjoy not really, feigning and imagining ourselves to act those sinful practices we have not opportunity outwardly to perform: speculative wickedness divines do call it, which to be in the power of imagination to do; is evident to you by your dreams; when fancy plays its part most, and to allude to what the prophet says, makes us believe we eat when we are hungry, to drink when our souls are thirsty (Isaiah 29:8). But I mean not to speak of the power and corruption of it as in our dreams: it were well if, as the Apostle speaks of drunkenness, that this speculative wickedness were only in the night. But corrupt and distempered affections do cast men into such dreams in the day, and when they are awake, there are then (to borrow the Apostle's expression) filthy dreams (Jude 8) that defile the flesh, even when awake: when, their lusts lacking work, their fancy erects to them a stage, and they set their imaginations and thoughts to work to entertain their filthy and impure desires, with shows and plays of their own making, and so reason and the intention of their minds, sit as spectators all the while to view with pleasure, till their thoughts inwardly act over their own unclean desires, ambitious projects, or whatever else they have a mind to.

So vain and empty is the heart of man become, so impatient are our desires and lusts of interruption in their pleasures, so sinful and corrupt.

First, vain and empty it appears to be in this; for take all the pleasures of sin, when they are never so fully, solidly, really, and substantially enjoyed, they are but shadows, a mere outside and figure, as the Apostle calls the world. It is opinion or imagination that casts that varnish of goodness on them, which is not truly in them. So Felix and Bernice's pomp is termed [a word meaning splendor/show]; but now this speculative enjoying of them only in imagination (which many men's hearts take so much pleasure in), the pleasing ourselves in the bare thoughts and imaginations of them, this is but a shadow of these shadows, that the soul should, Ixion-like, embrace and commit adultery with clouds only; this is a vanity beyond all other vanities, that makes us vainer than other creatures, who, though subject to vanity, yet not to such as this.

Secondly, it argues our desires to be impatient, to be detained from, or interrupted of their pleasures. When the soul shall be found so greedy, that when the heart is debarred or sequestered from those things it desires, and lacks means or opportunities to act its lusts, as not being able to wait, it will at least enjoy them in imagination, and in the interim, set fancy to entertain the mind with empty pictures of them drawn in its own thoughts.

3. Thus they appear also to be exceeding sinful and corrupt; an outward act of sin, it is but as an act of whoredom with the creature, when really enjoyed: but this is incest, when we defile our souls and spirits with these imaginations and likenesses which are begotten in our own fancies, being the children of our own hearts.

And yet (my brethren) such speculative enjoying of pleasures, and acting over of sins the mind of man is full of, as will appear in many particulars.

First, look what comforts men have at present in their possession, and at command, what excellencies or endowments, men love to be alone to study, and think of them, and when they are sequestered from the present use of them, yet they will then be again and again recounting and casting of them up, taking a survey of their happiness in them, applauding their own hearts in their conditions. And as rich men, that love money, love to be looking on it, and counting it over; so do men to be summing up their comforts and privileges they enjoy, which others lack; as, how rich they are, how great, how they excel others in parts and gifts, etc. Oh how much of that precious sand of our thoughts runs out this way! Thus he in the Gospel — he keeps an audit in his heart; Soul (says he) you have goods laid up for many years. So Haman (Esther 5:11) takes an inventory of his honors and goods, he talks of all the glory of his riches, and all the things in which the king had promoted him. So Nebuchadnezzar (Daniel 4:30) as it may seem, he was alone walking and talking to himself, like a fool, saying to himself: Is not this the great Babel which I have built by the might of my power, for the glory of my majesty.

And as thus upon their comforts, so also upon their excellencies, as their learning, wisdom, parts, etc. Men love to stand looking upon these in the glass of their own speculation, as fair faces love to look often and long in looking-glasses: which, as it arises from that self-flattery that is in men; so also that they might keep their happiness still fresh and continued in their eye. Which thoughts, when they raise not up the heart to thankfulness to God, and are not used to that end, but are bellows of pride; they are vain and abominable in the eyes of God, as appears by God's dealing with those previously mentioned. For to the one he says, you fool, this night; the other, while the word was in his mouth (giving him no longer warning) he strikes with madness and brutishness: and Haman, you know, was like a wall that does swell before it breaks, and falls to ruin and decay.

Secondly, this speculative enjoying of pleasures, and acting over sins thus in fancy, does appear in regard of things to come; which when we have in view, or any hopes of, men's thoughts go forth ahead to meet them, with how much contentment do men's thoughts entertain their desires, with vain promisings and expectations beforehand of their pleasures, that are in view and in possibility to be enjoyed. So they in Isaiah wind up their hearts to a higher pitch of jollity in the midst of their cups, in that their hearts thought and promised them, Tomorrow shall be as today, and much more abundant (Isaiah 56:12). So they (James 4:13) say with themselves, We will go to such a city, and continue there a year, and get gain. And the promise of this, and the thoughts of it beforehand feeds them, and keeps up their hearts in comfort. When men rise in a morning, they begin to foretell with much pleasure, what carnal pleasures they have the promise of that day or week, as to go to such company, and there be merry; to go such a pleasant journey, enjoy satisfaction in such a lust, hear such news, etc. And thus as godly men live by faith in God's promises (Habakkuk 2:4; Isaiah 38:16) — by these men live, and this is the spirit of my life, says Hezekiah, even what God has spoken (verse 15) — so do carnal men live much upon the promises of their own hearts and thoughts beforehand (for to this head of vain thoughts, these vain promisings are to be reduced, Psalm 49:11 — their inward thought is, their houses shall continue forever, and this thought pleases them). What pleasure almost is there, which a man makes much account of, but he acts it first over in private in his own thoughts? And thus do men foolishly take their own words and promises, and so befool themselves in the end, as Jeremiah speaks (Jeremiah 17). They take up beforehand in their thoughts upon trust, the pleasures they are to enjoy, even as spendthrifts do their rents, or heirs their revenues before they come of age to enjoy their lands — that when they come indeed to enjoy the pleasures they expected, either they prove but dreams, as Isaiah 29:6, they find their souls empty; or so much under their expectation, and so stale, as they have little in them, that there still proves more in the imagination than in the thing, which arises from the vastness and greediness of men's desires, as the cause hereof; for that makes them swallow up all at once. So Habakkuk 2 — enlarging his desires as hell, he heaps up all nations, swallows them up in his thoughts. So an ambitious scholar does all preferments that are in his view.

Thirdly, this speculative wickedness is exercised in like manner towards things past, in recalling, namely, and reviving in our thoughts the pleasure of sinful actions passed; when the mind runs over the passages and circumstances of the same sins long since committed, with a new and fresh delight; when men raise up their dead actions long since buried, in the same likeness they were transacted in, and parley with them, as the witch and Saul did with Satan in Samuel's likeness. And whereas they should draw cross lines over them, and blot them out through faith in Christ's blood, they rather copy and write them over again in their thoughts, with the same contentment. So an unclean person can study and view over every circumstance passed in such an act, with such a person committed; so a vainglorious scholar does repeat in his thoughts an eminent performance of his, and all such passages therein as were most elegant. And thus men chew the cud upon any speech of commendation uttered by others of them. And all this even as a good heart does repeat good things heard or read, with the remembrance also of what quickness they had in such and such passages, and with what affections they were warmed, when they heard them; or as a godly man recalls with comfort the actions of a well-past life, as Hezekiah did: Lord I have walked before you with a perfect heart; and thereby do also stir and provoke their hearts to the like temper again. So on the contrary, do wicked men use to recall, and revive the pleasantest sinful passages in their lives, to suck a new sweetness out of them: than which nothing argues more hardness and wickedness of heart, or provokes God more. For,

First, it argues much wickedness of heart, and such as when it is ordinary with the heart to do thus, is not compatible with grace: for in Romans 6:12 the Apostle shows that a good heart uses to reap no such fruit of sinful actions past — but what fruit had you of those things of which you are now ashamed? The saints reap and distill nothing out of all those flowers, but shame and sorrow, and sad sighs: when Ephraim remembered his sin, he was ashamed, and repented; and can you in your thoughts, reap a new harvest and crop of pleasure out of them, again and again?

Secondly, it argues much hardness of heart; nothing being more opposite to the truth and practice of repentance, the foundation of which is to call to mind the sin with shame and sorrow, and to recall it with much more grief, than ever there was pleasure in the committing of it: and whose property is to hate the appearance of it, and to inflame the heart with zeal and revenge against it. And thereby it provokes God exceedingly — our hearts are thereby embrued in a new guilt, we thereby stand to, and make good our former act: even so, by remembering it with pleasure, we provoke God to remember it with a new detestation of it, and so to send down new plagues; who, if we recall it with grief, would remember it no more. We show we take delight to rake in those wounds we have given Christ already; to view the sins of others with pleasure (Romans 1, last verse) is made more than to commit them: but much more to view and revive our own with a fresh delight. And therefore know that however you may take delight here to repeat to yourselves your old sins, yet that in hell nothing will gall you more, than the remembrance of them; every circumstance in every sin will then be as a dagger at your heart. This was the rich man's task and study in hell, to remember the good things he had received, and his sins committed in the abuse of them. And if godly men here be made to possess the sins of their youth with horror, as Job, and to have them ever before them, as David, how will wicked men be continually affrighted with them in hell? whose punishment is in a great part set forth to us, by Psalm 50:20 — I will set them in order before you.

Fourthly, the fourth thing wherein this speculative vanity appears, is in acting sins upon mere imaginary suppositions men feign, and contrive to themselves, and make a supposition to themselves in their own thoughts, first of what they would be, and then what they would do. Men create fools' paradises to themselves, and then walk up and down in them; as, if they had money enough, what pleasures they would have; if they were in such places of preferment, how they would carry themselves. To allude to that Absalom said (2 Samuel 15:4) — Oh if I were a judge in the land, I would do this or that, etc. — doing this with a great deal of pleasure, almost as much as those that really enjoy them. This may well be the meaning of Psalm 50:18, where of the hypocrite (who outwardly abstains from gross sins) it is said, that he consents with the thief, and partakes with the adulterer, namely, in his heart and fancy, supposing himself with them, and so desires to be doing what they do. Thus take one who is naturally ambitious (whom both nature, parts, and education have all made, but a bramble never to rule over the trees, and has fixed in a lower sphere, as incapable of rising higher or being greater, as the earth is of becoming a star in heaven, yet) he will take upon him in his own heart, feigning and supposing himself to be, and then act the part of a great man there, erect a throne, and sit down in it; and thinks with himself what he would do, if a king or a great man, etc. So take a man that is unclean, but now grown old, and a dry tree, and so cannot act his lust as formerly, yet his thoughts shall supply what is lacking in his strength or opportunity. And he makes his own heart both bawd, brothel house, whore, whoremonger, and all: so a man that is naturally voluptuous, loves pleasures, but lacks means to purchase them, yet his inclinations will please themselves with the thoughts of what mixture and composition of delights he would have; he will set down with himself his bill of fare, how he would have, if he might wish, his cup of pleasure mingled, what ingredients put into it. So a man that is revengeful, and yet lacks a sting, yet he pleases himself with revengeful thoughts and wishes, and will be making invectives and railing dialogues against him he hates, when he is not by. A man in love, in his fancy he will court his lover though absent; he will by his imagination make her present, and so frame solemn, set speeches to her.

In a word, let men's inclinations and dispositions be of what kind soever, and let the impossibilities and improbabilities be never so great of being what they desire; yet in their fancies and thoughts they will discover themselves what they would be. [Reconstructed: They will be drawing maps of their desires, calculate their own inclinations, cut out a condition of life which fills their hearts, and they please themselves with it]: and there is no surer way to know a man's natural inclination, than by this.

First, which yet first is as great a folly as any other, imitating children herein; for is it not childish to make clay pies, and puppets? what else are such fancies as these? and to be as children acting the parts of ladies and mistresses, and yet such childishness is in men's hearts.

2. And secondly, a vanity also, because a man sets his heart on what is not: the things themselves are not, if a man had them (Proverbs 23:5); but to please themselves with suppositions is much worse.

Thirdly, this argues the greatest discontentedness of mind that may be, when men will in their own thoughts put themselves into another condition than God ever ordained for them.

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